Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon a methylsubstituted benzene derivative, which occurs as a clear colorless volatile liquid and possesses a pungent, benzenelike odor. The odor threshold for toluene in air is reported as 8 ppm. It comprises 1520 percent of coaltar light oil and is a minor constituent of petroleum. Benzene, toluene, and oxylene btx degradation by immobilized pseudomonas putida f1 of postconsumer agavefiberpolymer foamedcomposites afpfc and suspended cultures was studied under controlled conditions. It is also used as a precursor for synthesizing benzene. The methyl group undergoes halogenation under free radical conditions. It is also produced in the process of making gasoline and. Toluene is also highly flammable and may catch on fire if exposed to heat or flames. Toluene is a clear colorless liquid that has a distinctive, sweet smell.
Toluene is a major component of tobacco smoke and concentrations can vary greatly. Ppt toluene powerpoint presentation free to download id. Employers are required to train all workers who use materials containing toluene about the health and safety hazards of toluene, how to recognize exposure to toluene, and the protective measures that apply to the use of toluene in the specific work area. Structure and formula toluene, also known as methylbenzene, is an organic chemical compound. Toluene article about toluene by the free dictionary. Because of its usage in consumer products, toluene concentrations in indoor air may exceed those in outdoor air. Neither the position or hybridization of the atoms changes. Toluene c6h5ch3 or c7h8 cid 1140 structure, chemical names, physical and. Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive smell. Toluene market size, share and trends industry growth.
Functionalized mesoporous silicas are an emerging kind of adsorbents for the removal of volatile organic compounds vocs. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Toluene is also found in car exhaust and the smoke from cigarettes. Toluene is a manmade aromatic hydrocarbon produced mostly from petroleum. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. The demand for ethylbenzene is always great as a source of styrene monomer, but toluene does not find great use apart from a relatively small application in polyurethane. Pdf benzene and toluene removal by carbon nanotubes from. The removal of benzene b and toluene t from aqueous solution by multi walled, single walled, and hybrid carbon nanotubes mwcnts, swcnts, and hcnts was evaluated for a nanomaterial dose of 1. Toluene definition of toluene by the free dictionary.
Among its interesting properties is the new degree of free. The demand for ethylbenzene is always great as a source of styrene monomer, but toluene does not find great use apart from a. The amount of toluene in mainstream smoke from an unfiltered cigarette was estimated to range from 100 to 200 g with a sidestreammainstream smoke ratio of 1. The dioxygenase, which was cocrystallized with toluene, is a heterohexamer containing a catalytic and a structural subunit. Toluene is widely used as an industrial raw material and a solvent for manufacturing of many commercial products, including paints and glues. The o and pisotoluenes isomerise to toluene, a reaction driven by aromatic stabilisation. Toluene can be used as an octane booster in gasoline fuels for internal combustion engines as well as jet fuel.
When toluene is spilled on the ground or improperly disposed of, it can seep into soil and contaminate nearby wells and streams. The isomerisation of pisotoluene to toluene takes place at 100 c in benzene with bimolecular reaction kinetics by an intermolecular free radical reaction. It dissolves other substances easily and evaporates quickly into the air. It is estimated that these compounds are 96 kj mol. It is widely used as a raw material in the production of organic compounds such as benzene. Benzene, toluene, and pxylene btx were degraded by indigenous mixed cultures in sandy aquifer material and by two pure cultures isolated from the same site. For example, nbromo succinimide nbs when heated with toluene in the presence of. Toluene is a colorless, clear liquid that has a sweet, distinct smell.
Ph eur, toluene, meets acs specifications, meets reagent specifications for testing uspnf monographs gr acs, toluene, for gas chromatography ecd and fid suprasolv, toluene, for liquid chromatography lichrosolv, toluene, emplura. Jun 18, 2018 toluene is an aromatic solvent that is primarily used as a thinner or diluent in several enduser products, such as paints, coatings and cleaners. The fourcomponent tolueneoxylene monooxygenase tomo from pseudomonas stutzeri ox1 is capable of oxidizing arenes, alkenes, and haloalkanes at a carboxylatebridged diiron center similar to. Chemidplus 108883 yxfvvabegxronwuhfffaoysan toluene. Beyond its uses, however, toluenes chemical structure is quite interesting of its own accord. P202 do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood. Fabrication of functionalized porous silica nanocapsules with. Toluene forms explosive mixtures with air in proportions of 1. Structure of the tolueneoxylene monooxygenase hydroxylase. The applicability of the linear free energy relationships for the identification of some alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons by open tubular column gas chromatography, j. In addition to benzene itself, the catalytic reformer also produces ethylbenzene, toluene and the isomeric xylenes directly. Toluene at 86% by volume fuelled all the turbocharged engines in formula one during the. Breaking the limitations of traditional mesoporous silica, in this study, porous silica nanocapsules psns functionalized with phenyl and noctyl groups named as ppsn and npsn, respectively were developed for the first time. It is insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar compounds.
Learn from toluene experts like frontiers and scribd government docs. Substrate interactions of benzene, toluene, and paraxylene. Exposure to toluene may occur from breathing ambient or indoor air affected by such sources. Toluene is water insoluble but is miscible with other organic solvents. Toluene definition, a colorless, waterinsoluble, flammable liquid, c7h8, having a benzenelike odor, obtained chiefly from coal tar and petroleum.
Beyond its uses, however, toluene s chemical structure is quite interesting of its own accord. The concentration per cigarette in sidestream smoke is typically higher than in mainstream smoke. The chemical formula for toluene is c h ch, and its molecular weight is 92. Solventfree and metalfree oxidation of toluene using o2 and.
Cdc niosh pocket guide to chemical hazards toluene. The odor of toluene is sweet, pungent, benzenelike and gives a smell of paint thinner. It is routinely added to gasoline as an additive along with benzene and xylene to increase the octane. With the formula ch 3 2 c 6 h 4, each of the three compounds has a central benzene ring with two methyl groups attached at substituents. This system consists of a reductase, a ferredoxin and a terminal dioxygenase.
Skin contact wash off immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Vibrationally resolved s1 s0 fluorescence excitation spectrum of toluene recorded in the collisionfree environment of a supersonic jet. It is flammable and produces poisonous gas in a fire. Toluene, a flammable liquid with a pungent odor, is widely employed as an organic solvent. Application toluene undergoes alkylation in the presence of modified zsm zeolite socony mobil5class zeolite catalysts to form pxylene with high selectivity. In 1991, 3,104,000 megagrams 944 million gallons of toluene were recovered. Toluene structure, properties, preparation and reactions of toluene.
A free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on id. Toluene exposure may cause serious health risks to human and other living organisms. The iupac name for toluene is methylbenzene which is an aromatic. Firstaid measures general advice if symptoms persist, call a physician. It is the nanostructure of gc3n4 that boosts the high selectivity by tuning the homogeneous oxidation to hetergeneous oxidation and capturing all free o2 radicals to effectively suppress the overoxidation of aldehydes. Toluene is added to gasoline, used to produce benzene, and used as a solvent. It is also produced in the process of making gasoline and other fuels from crude oil and making coke from coal. Structure of the toluene oxylene monooxygenase hydroxylase. Solvent free oxidation of the primary ch bonds in toluene to benzaldehyde has been achieved by using the metal free catalyst gc3n4 and o2. The structures of all three components of one such system, the toluene 2,3dioxygenase system, have now been determined. Toluene c6h5ch3 toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula c6h5ch3. Benzene, toluene, and oxylene degradation by free and. Two aromatic hydrocarbons that are commonly abused for their euphoric effect include toluene methylbenzene and benzene. Although btx compounds have a similar chemical structure, the fate of individual btx compounds differed when the compounds were fed to each pure culture and mixed culture aquifer slurries.
Eye contact rinse immediately with plenty of water, also under the eyelids, for at least 15 minutes. Most toluene produced is derived from petroleum fractions. Exposure to toluene can result in temporary effects such as headaches, dizziness and cracked skin, as well as more serious effects such as reproductive damage and respiratory complications. Toluene occurs naturally in crude oil and in the tolu tree. Both sources provide toluene for commercial use, but larger amounts are made by catalytic reforming of petroleum naphtha. Toluene is a toxic chemical used in in nail products and hair dyes. Aromatic benzene, toluene toxicity statpearls ncbi. Toluene safety in the workplace occupational safety and. Toluene is an aromatic solvent that is primarily used as a thinner or diluent in several enduser products, such as paints, coatings and cleaners.
The remaining 14% was a filler of nheptane, to reduce the octane to meet formula one fuel restrictions. Toluene can enter the environment due to various industrial activities. Toluene, also known as methylbenzene, phenylmethane or toluol is a clear, colorless liquid with a sweet smell. The esls and revs for toluene have been designed to protect the general public from shortterm and longterm adverse health and welfare effects. The real structure is a composite or hybrid of all resonance forms 2. Toluene can remain unchanged for a long time in soil or water that is not in contact with air. It plays a role in how your page is seen by search engine crawlers, and how it appears in serps. Eye contact rinse immediately with plenty of water, also. Under free radical conditions, the methyl group undergoes halogenation. No one resonance forms accurately depicts the structure of the molecule. Toluene at 86% by volume fuelled all the turbocharged engines in formula one during the 1980s, first pioneered by the honda team.
Disproportionation of toluene to produce benzene and p. Safety and health topics toluene health hazards and. Toluene, aromatic hydrocarbon used extensively as starting material for the manufacture of industrial chemicals. Between exposure to indoor levels of toluene from consumer products and. The fourcomponent toluene oxylene monooxygenase tomo from pseudomonas stutzeri ox1 is capable of oxidizing arenes, alkenes, and haloalkanes at a carboxylatebridged diiron center similar to that of soluble methane monooxygenase smmo. Structure, dynamics, and barrier to methyl group rotation in. Toluene also known as toluol is an aromatic hydrocarbon. Its chemical structure makes toluene highly lipid soluble. The central nervous system cns is the primary target organ for toluene toxicity in both humans and animals for acute shortterm and chronic longterm exposures. For more details on toluene structure and properties click here. The low range of the odor threshold for toluene in water is 0. In 1991, 3,104,000 megagrams 944 million gallons of. A meta description is an html tag in the html code of your website, which allows you to customize a section of text that describes the page itself.
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